UNIT 4
61) What are the Basic Principles of Software Testing?
Basic Principles of Software Testing :
• Traceable to Customer Requirements
• Planned long before Testing begins
• Pareto Principles applied to Software testing
• Begin small and progress towards testing
• Exhaustive testing is not possible
• Conducted by independent third party
62) List out the Characteristics of Testability of
Software?
Characteristics of Testability of Software :
• Operability
• Observability
• Controllability
• Decomposability
• Simplicity
• Stability
• Understandability
63) List out various Methods for finding Cyclomatic
Complexity ?
• Number of Regions
• Cyclomatic Complexity V(G) , for Flow Graph
V(G) = E – N + 2
• Cyclomatic Complexity V(G)
V(G) = P +1
64) Define Smoke Testing ?
Smoke Testing :
• Integration testing
• Commonly used when software products are being developed
65)What are the Attributes of Good Test?
Attributes of Good Test :
• High probability of finding errors
• Not Redundant
• “Best of Breed”
• Neither too Simple nor too complex
65) Define White Box Testing.
White Box Testing :
• Also called Glass Box Testing
• Test case design uses Control Structure of Procedural
Design to derive test cases
66) Define Basic Path Testing.
Basic Path Testing :
• White Box Testing
• Enable test case designer to derive a logical complexity
measure of a procedural design
• Use this measure as a Guide for defining a basis set of
execution paths
67) Define the terms :
a) Graph Matrices
b) Connection Matrices
Graph Matrices :-
• To develop software tool the data structure used is
Graph Matrix
• Square Matrix
• Size equals number of nodes on the Flow graph
Connection Matrices :-
• If Link Weight =1 => Connection Exists
• If Link Weight =1 => Connection Does not Exists
68) What is Behavioral Testing?
Behavioral Testing :
• Also Known as Black Box Testing
• Focuses on Functional Requirement of software
• Enables Software engineer to derive set of input
condition that fully exercise all functional
requirements of a software
69) What are the Benefits of conducting Smoke Testing?
Benefits of conducting Smoke Testing :
• Integration Risk is Minimized
• Quality of end-product is improved
• Error diagnosis and Correction are simplified
• Progress is easy to assess
70) What errors are commonly found during Unit Testing?
• Misunderstood or incorrect arithmetic precedence
• Mixed Mode Operations
• Incorrect Initializations
• Precision Accuracy
• Incorrect Symbolic representation of expression
71) What problems may be encountered when Top-Down
Integration is chosen?
• Delay are test until stubs replace with actual modules
• Develop stubs that perform limited functions that
simulate the actual module
• Integrate the software from the bottom of the hierarchy
upward
72) What are the Steps in Bottom-Up Integration?
Steps in Bottom-Up Integration :
• Low level components are combined into clusters perform
specific software sub function
• Driver is written to coordinate test case input and output
• Cluster is tested
• Drivers are removed and clusters are combined moving
inward in program structure
73) What is Regression Testing?
Regression Testing :
• Re-execution of some subset of tests that have already
been conducted
• To ensure changes have not propagated unintended side
effects
74) What are the Characteristics of “Critical Module”?
Characteristics of “Critical Module” :
• Addresses several software requirements
• Has High Level Of Control
• Complex or error prone
• Has Definite Performance Requirements
75) What are the Properties of Connection Matrices?
Properties of Connection Matrices :
• Probability that link will execute
• Processing time expended during traversal of link
• Memory required during traversal of link
• Resource required during traversal of link
76) What is Flow Graph Notation?
Flow Graph Notation :-
• Simple notation for representing Control Flow
• Draw only when Logical Structure of component is complex
77) Define Cyclomatic Complexity?
Cyclomatic Complexity :-
• Software Metric
• Quantitative measure of Logical Complexity
• Number of Independent Paths in the basis set of
program
78)What is Equivalence Partition?
Equivalence Partitions :-
• Derives a input domain of a program into classes of data
from which test cases are derived
• Set Of Objects have link by relationships as Symmetric,
Transitive and Reflexive an equivalence class is present
79) List out the possible errors of Black Box Testing?
Errors of Black Box Testing :
• Incorrect or Missing Functions
• Interface Errors
• Errors in Data Structures or external databases
• Behavioral or Performance errors
• Initialization or Termination errors
80) Define Data Objects.
Data Objects :
• Represent Composite Information
• External entity, thin, occurrence or event, role,
organizational unit, place or structure
• Encapsulates Data only
