UNIT 5
81) What are the Components of the Cost of Quality?
Components of the Cost of Quality :
• Quality Costs
• Prevention Costs
• Appraisal Costs
82) What is Software Quality Control?
Software Quality Control :
• Involves series of inspections, reviews and tests
• Used throughout software process to ensure each work
product meets requirements placed upon it
83) What is Software Quality Assurance?
Software Quality Assurance :
• Set of auditing and reporting functions
• Assess effectiveness and completeness of quality control
activities
84) What are the Objective of Formal Technical Reviews?
Objective of Formal Technical Reviews :
• Uncover errors in function, logic and implementation for
representation of software
• Software represented according to predefined standard
• Verify software under review meets requirements
• Achieve software developed in Uniform Manner
• Make projects more manageable
85) What Steps are required to perform Statistical SQA?
• Information about software defects is collected and
categorized
• Attempt is made trace each defect
• Using Pareto principle, isolate 20%
• Once vital causes are identified, correct problems that
cause defects
86) Define SQA Plan.
SQA Plan :
• Provides roadmap for instituting SQA
• Plan serves as template for SQA activities that instituted
for each software project
87) What is Baseline criteria in SCM ?
• Help to control Change
• Specification or product that has been formally
• Reviewed and agreed upon serves as basis for future
development
• That can be change only through formal change control
procedures
88) Define Status Reporting ?
• Also called Configuration Status Reporting
• Is a SCM task that answers
1. What Happened ?
2. Who did it ?
3. When did it happen ?
4. What else will be affected ?
89) What is the Origin of changes that are requested for
software?
Origin Of Change :-
• New Business or Market Condition
• New Customer Needs
• Reorganization or business growth/downsizing
• Budgetary or Scheduling constraints
90) List out the Elements of SCM?
Elements of SCM :-
• Component Elements
• Process Elements
• Construction Elements
• Human Elements
91) What are the Features supported by SCM?
Features supported by SCM :
• Versioning
• Dependency tracking and change Management
• Requirements tracking
• Configuration Management
• Audit trails
92) What are the Objectives of SCM Process?
Objectives of SCM Process :
• Identify all items, collectively define software
configuration
• Manage changes to one or more these items
• Facilitate construction of different version of an
application
• Ensure that the software quality is maintained
93) What are the issues to be considered for developing
tactics for WebApp Configuration Management?
• Context
• People
• Scalability
94) Define CASE Tools.
CASE Tools :
• Computer Aided Software Engineering
• It is a System software
• Provide Automated support for software process activities
• Includes program used to support software process
activities
• Such as Requirement Analysis, System Modeling, Debugging
and Testing
95) How do we define Software Quality?
Software Quality :
• Conformance to explicitly stated functional and
performance requirements, explicitly documented
development standards
• Implicit characteristics, expected for professional
developed software
96) Define the terms :
a) Quality of Design
b) Quality of Conformance
Quality of Design :
• Characteristics, designer specify fro an item
Quality of Conformance :
• Degree to which design specifications are followed
during manufacturing
97) What are the Type of CASE Tools?
Types of CASE Tools :-
• Upper CASE Tools
• Lower CASE Tools
98) Define Software Reliability?
Software Reliability :
• Probability of failure-free operation of computer program
in a specified environment for a specified time
99) How the Registration process of ISO 9000 certification
is done?
• Registration process of ISO 9000 certification has the
following stages
1. application
2. Pre-assessment
3. Document Review and Adequacy of audit
4. Compliance Audit
5. Registration
6. Continued Surveillance
100) What are the Factors of Software Quality?
Factors of Software Quality :
• Portability
• Usability
• Reusability
• Correctness
• Maintainability
Short Answers
1. Define Software Engineering
The establishment and use of sound engineering principles in order to obtain economically
software that is reliable and works efficiently on real machines.
2. Differentiate Software engineering methods, tools and procedures.
Methods: Broad array of tasks like project planning, cost estimation etc..
Tools: Automated or semi automated support for methods.
Procedures : Holds the methods and tools together. It enables the timely development of
computer software.
3. Write the disadvantages of classic life cycle model.
Disadvantages of classic life cycle model :
(i) Real projects rarely follow sequential flow. Iteration always occurs and creates
problem.
(ii) Difficult for the customer to state all requirements
(iii) Working version of the program is not available. So the customer must have patience.
4. What do you mean by task set in spiral Model?
Each of the regions in the spiral model is populated by a set of work tasks called a task set that
are adopted to the characteristics of the project to be undertaken.
5. What is the main objective of Win-Win Spiral Model?
The customer and the developer enter into the process of negotiation where the customer may
be asked to balance functionality ,performance and other product against cost and time to market.
6. Which of the software engineering paradigms would be most effective? Why?
Incremental / Spiral model will be most effective.
Reasons:
(i) It combines linear sequential model with iterative nature of prototyping
(ii) Focuses on delivery of product at each increment
(iii)Can be planned to manage technical risks.
7. Who is called as the Stakeholder?
Stakeholder is anyone in the organization who has a direct business interest in the system
or product to be built.
8. Write the objective of project planning ?
It is to provide a framework that enables the manager to make reasonable estimates of
resources, cost and schedule.
9. What is Boot Strapping?
A sequence of instructions whose execution causes additional instructions to be loaded and
executed until the complete program is in storage.
10. Write a short note on 4GT.
Fourth Generation Technique. 4GT encompasses a broad array of software tools. Each tool
enables the software developer to specify some characteristics of software at a higher level.
11. What is FP ? How it is used for project estimation ?
Function Point. It is used as the estimation variable to size the each element of the software. It
requires considerably less detailed. Estimated indirectly by estimating te number of inputs,
outputs, data files, external interfaces.
12. What is LOC ? How it is used for project estimation?
LOC : Lines of Code. It is used as estimation variable to size each element of the software. It
requires considerable level of detail..
13. Write the formula to calculate the effort in persons-months used in Dynamic multi variable
Model?
Software Equation :E=[LOC * B0.333/P]3 *(1/t4) Where E is effort in person-months, t is
project duration, B is special skills factor, P is productivity parameter.
14. What is called object points?
It is an indirect software measure that is computed using counts of te number of screens,
reports and components.
15. What are the four different Degrees of Rigor ?
Four different degrees of Rigor are
Casual
Structured
Strict
Quick reaction
16. Write about Democratic Teams in software development. (Egoless Team)
It is egoless team. All team members participate in all decisions. Group leadership rotates
from member to member based on tasks to be performed.
17. What are the two project scheduling methods ?
PERT- Program Evaluation and Review Techniques
CPM- Critical Path Method
18. What is called support risk?
The degree of uncertainty that the resultant software will be easy to correct , adapt and
enhance.
19. What is RMMM?
Risk Mitigation, Monitoring and Management Plan. It is also called Risk Aversion.
20. What are four impacts of the project risk?
Catastrophic, Critical, Marginal, Negligible.
21. List the tools or methods available for rapid prototyping.
Rapid prototyping (Speed)
(i) 4GT
(ii) Resuable software components
(iii) Formal specification and prototyping environments.
22. What is the need for modularity ?
Need for modularity: Easier to solve a complex problem. Can achieve reusability. Best effort
and complexity reduces.
23. What are the five criteria that are used in modularity?
Modular Decomposability
Modular composability
Modular understandability
Modular continuity
Modular protection
24. What is Software Architecture?
The overall structure of the software and the ways in which that software provides conceptual
integrity for the system.
25. What are the models are used for Architectural design?
Structural models
Framework models
Dynamic models
Process models
Functional models
26. What is cohesion?
It is a measure of the relative functional strength of a module. (Binding)
27. What is Coupling?
Measure of the relative interdependence among modules.
(Measure of interconnection among modules in a software structure.)
28. List the coupling factors.
Interface complexity between modules
Reference to the module
Data pass across the interface.
29. Define Stamp coupling.
When a portion of the data structure is passed via the module interface , then it called
stamp coupling.
30. Define common coupling.
When a number of modules reference a global data area, then the coupling is called
common coupling.
31. Define temporal cohesion.
When a module contains tasks that are related by the fact that all must be executed with the
same span of time, then it termed as temporal cohesion.
32. Write a short note on structure charts.
These are used in architectural design to document hierarchical structure, parameters and
interconnections in a system. No Decision box . The chart can be augmented with module by
module specifications of I/P and O/P parameters as well as I/P and O/P attributes.
33. What do you mean by factoring?
It is also called vertical partitioning. It follows Top-Down strategy. We can say that there
are some top level modules and low level modules.
Top level modules ---- Control functions ,actual processing work
Low level modules ----Workers. Performing all input computation and
output tasks.
34. What is Aesthetics?
Aesthetics : It is a science of art and beauty. These are fundamental to software design,
whether in art or technology.
Simplicity, Elegance(refinement), clarity of purpose.
35. What do you mean by common coupling?
Common coupling : When a number of modules reference a global data area , then the
coupling is called common coupling.
36. Write about Real Time Systems.
It provides specified amount of computation with in fixed time intervals. RTS sense and
control external devices, respond to external events and share processing time between tasks.
37. Define Distributed system .
It consists of a collection of nearly autonomous processors that communicate to achieve a
coherent computing system.
38. Compare Data Flow Oriented Design with data structure oriented design
Data flow oriented design : Used to represent a system or software at any level of
abstraction.
Data Structure oriented design : It is used for representing information hierarchy using the
three constructs for sequence, selection and repetition.
39. Define Architectural Design and Data Design.
Architectural Design : To develop a modular program structure and represent the relationships
between modules.
Data Design : To select the logical representations of data objects , data storage and the
concepts of information hiding and data abstraction.
40. What are the contents of HIPO diagrams?
Visual table of contents, set of overview diagrams, set of detail diagrams.
41. What are the aspects of software reuse.
Software development with reuse
Software development for reuse
Generator based reuse
Application system reuse
42. Define Configuration Status Reporting .
What happened ? Who did it?
When it happened? What else will be affected?
It is also called status accounting.
43. What is the need for baseline?
Need for Baseline :
(i) Basis for further development
(ii) Uses formal change control procedure for change
(iii) Helps to control change
44. Define SCM.
It is an umbrella activity that is applied throughout software process. It has a set of tracking
and control activities that begin when a software engineering project begins and terminates
only when the software project is taken out of operation.
45. List the SCM Activities.
(i) Identify a change
(ii) Control change
(iii)Ensure that change is being properly implemented
(iv)Report changes to others who may have an interest
46. What is meant by software reusability?
A software component should be designed and implemented so that it can be reused in many
different programs.
47. What is CASE ?
CASE : Computer Aided Software Engineering
CASE provides the engineer with the ability to automate manual activities and to improve engineering
insight.
48. Write the distinction between SCM and software support.
SCM : It has a set of tracking and control activities that begin when a software engineering
project begins and terminates only when the software project is taken out of operation.
Software support : It has a set of software engineering activities that occur after software has
been delivered to the customer and put into operation.
49. What is he difference between basic objects and aggregate objects used in software configuration.
Basic Objects : It represents unit of text. E.g Section of requirement specification, Source
listing for a component
Aggregate objects: Collection of basic objects. And other aggregate objects. E.g Full
design specification
50. What is configuration Audit?
Has the change specified in ECO been made?
Formal technical review been conducted?
Software Engineering procedures for noting the change, recording it, reporting it been
followed?
SCI is updated?
Essay Type Questions(in Brief)
51. Explain Linear Sequential Model and prototyping model in detail
Linear Sequential Model :
Explanation, Diagram , Advantages, Disadvantages
Prototyping model:
Explanation, Diagram , Advantages, Disdvantages
52. Explain Spiral model and win-win spiral model in detail. .
Spiral Model :
Six Task Regions : Customer Communication
Planning
Risk Analysis
Engineering
Construction and Release
Customer Evaluation
Diagram , Details of four circles
Win-Win spiral model:
The customer and the developer enter into the process of negotiation, where the
customer may be asked to balance functionality,performance, and other product against
cost and time to market.
Activities, diagram ,explanation
53. Explain incremental model in detail
Explanation of increments in the stages of
Analysis, Design, Code, Test.
54. Discuss about fourth generation techniques.
4GT :
It encompasses a broad array of software tools. Each tool enables the software developer to
specify some characteristics of software at a higher level.
Explanations of : 4GT Tools
4GT Paradigm
Current state of 4GT approaches
55. Explain the Activities of Project Planning
Software scope with an example (Conveyor Line Sorting System)
Resources
Hardware/ Software Tools
56. Explain the cost estimation procedure using COCOMO Model.
It is algorithmic cost model. (One of the Empirical estimation model)
COCOMO Model: 10 steps
3 different sizing options
Explanation
57. Explain the following:
(i) Delphi Cost Estimation
(ii) Putnam Estimation model
(iii) Decomposition approach
Ans :
(i) Delphi cost estimation
Procedures to calculate
(ii) Putnam estimation model (Dynamic multi variable model)
Explanation of the software equation
(iii) Decomposition approach
Write an algorithm
58. Explain the organizational structure of the software development.
Explanations of
Project structure
Programming team structure
Management by objectives.
59. Explain the process of ‘ Risk Analysis and Management.’
Risk Identification
Risk Estimation
Risk Assessment
Risk Management and Monitoring
Risk Refinement
60. Explain the following (i) Software requirement specification.
(ii) Specification Review
Ans :
(i) Software Requirement Specification :
Information Description
Functional Description
Behavioral Description
Validation criteria
Bibliography and appendix
Preliminary user’s manual
(ii)Specification Review : Explanation
61. Explain the types of coupling and cohesion.
Coupling : Measure of the relative interdependence among modules.
Types: Data coupling , Stamp coupling, control coupling, External coupling,
Common coupling, Content coupling
Cohesion : It is a measure of the relative functional strength of a module.
Types: Coincidentally cohesive, Logically cohesive, Temporal cohesion,
procedureal cohesion, communicational cohesion, High cohesion, sequential cohesion.
62. Explain the various software design concepts
Explanations of Abstraction, Refinement, Modualrity, Software Architecture , Control
hierarchy, Structural partitioning, Data structure , Software procedure , Information hiding,
Verification, Aesthetics.
63. Explain Software Design Documentation in detail.
Design Documentation :
(Explanation of the following items and sub items )
Scope
Reference Documents
Design Description
Modules
File Structure and global data
Requirements Cross Reference
Test provisions
Packaging
Special Notes
Appendices
64. Discuss the design procedure for Real time and distributed system software.
Real Time and distributed system design :
Real Time systems : It must provide specified amounts of computation within fixed time intervals. (Explanation)
Distributed system : It consists of a collection of nearly autonomous processors that
communicate to achieve a coherent computing system.
(Explanation)
65. Explain Jackson system development with an example.
Steps are : Entity Action step
Entity Structure step
Initial modeling step
Function step
System Timing step
Implementation step
Example : University with two campuses.
66. Explain Software Design Notations
Explanations of
Data Flow diagram , Structure charts, HIPO diagrams, procedure template, pseudocode,
structured flow chart, Structured English, Decision tables.
67. Explain Data Flow Oriented design in detail.
The objective of this design is to provide a systematic approach for the derivation of program structure.
Design and information flow
Design process considerations
(Atleast one of the following with an example)
Tranform flow and analysis
Transaction flow and analysis
68. Explain programming standards in detail
Explanation of all standards.
69. What is software reuse? Explain the various aspects of software reuse.
A software component should be designed and implemented so that it can be reused in many
different programs.
Explanation of Aspects :
Software development with reuse
Software development for reuse
Generator based reuse
Application system reuse
70. Describe the various software configuration management tasks in detail.
Brief explanations of
SCM Definition
Activities
Process
Baselines
Software Configuration Items
Identification of objects
Version control
Change control
Configuration Audit
Status reporting
71. Write notes on Version Control and Change control
Version control : Description
Representations : (Evolution graph, Object Pool)
Change control : Description
Process of change control
72. What are CASE tools and their usage in Software Engineering ? Discuss each tool in brief.
Business process Engineering tools
Process modeling and management tools
Project planning tools
Risk Analysis tools
Project management tools
Requirements tracing tools
Documentation tools
System software tools
Quality Assurance tools
Database management tools
Software configuration management tools
Analysis and design tools
PRO/SIM tools
Interface design and development tools
Prototyping tools
Programming tools
Web development tools
Integration and testing tools
Static Analysis tools
Dynamic analysis tools
Test management tools
Client/Server testing tools
Re-Engineering tools
73. Explain Integrated CASE Environment in detail.
Explanations of
Integrated CASE Environment
Benefits
Integration Architecture
74. Explain CASE repository in detail
Definition
Functions
Features and content
DBMS features.
Special features of CASE
Repository features.
75. Explain Building blocks for CASE
CASE Tools
Integrated framework
Portability services
Operating system
Hardware platform
Environment Architecture
